did esther and xerxes have a child

He also built a new capital for the Achaemenid Empire at Persepolis. His past is full on intrigue itself and one would be well served by knowing it. 12 Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions: XPh (Daiva inscription), Livius.org. (Esther 5, 2). On the other hand, prophetic writings are often introduced as having occurred in the days of King. Therefore, Otanes becomes Darius father-in-law and brother-in-law. making it one of the last Old Testament books written. The Calendar and Holidays (incl. Upon coming to the throne he solidifies his right to it through a series of marriages. The terrace at Persepolis is carved with figures bringing tributes to the Achaemenid king and large tables which depict a lion attacking a bull. Behind him stands the crown prince. I wouldn't be surprised if they did, but to my knowledge, there's no Bible versus sharing that they had any children. https://www.thoughtco.com/xerxes-king-of-persia-4771152 (accessed July 6, 2023). The text is recorded in the Persian, Babylonian and Elamite Languages, and is the only Achaemenid royal inscription outside of Iran. King Xerxes says: King Darius, my father, by the grace of Ahuramazda built much that was good, and he gave orders to dig this niche out, but because he did not make an inscription, I ordered this inscription to be made.13. For example, in one inscription from Persepolis (XPl), Xerxes states, I am not hot-tempered. 5 Bryan Windle, Footsteps: Three Things in Susa Esther Likely Saw. Bible Archaeology Report. Question Who was Xerxes in the Bible? Be well, Darius wanted to add Greece as his first step into Europe, but it was also a grudge rematch. Buildings constructed by Xerxes were specifically targeted for destruction by Alexander, whose writers nevertheless represent the best descriptions of the damaged buildings. What Became of Esther? Ask The Rabbi Ohr Somayach Plutarch records, They say that as much coined money was found thereas at Susa,and that it took ten thousand pairs of mules and five thousand camels to carry away the other furniture and wealth there.8, Arguably the most famous surviving relief from the treasury at Persepolis depicts a king on a throne with a staff in one hand and a flower in the other. We dont have too may details about King Achashverosh and Queen Esther subsequent to the Megillah narrative. [] served as the setting for the events recorded in the book of Esther, during the reign of his son, Xerxes. After three years of preparation, Xerxes invaded Greece in August of 480 BCE. Cyrus the Great marries his First Cousin Cassandane. Darius had died abruptly, while he was preparing for war with Greece, which had been interrupted by the revolt of the Egyptians. Its faade is built carved from the stone as a recessed cross. Xerxes the Great is, ironically, best known for his failed invasion of Greece. There are no surviving records of Xerxes'specific education, but the Greek philosopher Xenophon (431354 BCE), who knew Xerxes' great-grandson, described the main features of a noble Persian's education. It reads: I am Xerxes, the great king, the king of kings, king of all kinds of peoples with all kinds of origins, king of this earth great and wide, the son of kingDarius, theAchaemenid. His rule came at the height of the Persian empire, and he is well-documented by the Greeks, who described him as a passionate, cruel, self-indulgent womanizerbut much of that may well have been slander. The boys were taught in the court by eunuchs, receiving lessons in riding and archery from a young age. 3. However, Jewish tradition does point to a child born to the couple. Three articles made the news this past month, all related to Israel in Old Testament times. Scholars know Xerxes primarily from Greek records pertaining to a failed attempt to add Greece to the Persian Empire. According to the Jewish Women's Archive, Esther's considered not to have committed adultery because she didn't have a choice in marrying King Xerxes. When my father Darius went away from the throne, by the grace of Ahuramazda I became king on my fathers throne. According to Scripture, Esther had no parents. Darius' eldest son Artobarzanes (or Ariaramnes) was from his first wife, who was not of royal blood. Laying the scene at Susa, a residential city of the Persian kings, the Book of Esther narrates that King Ahasuerus deposed his first wife, Queen Vashti, after she refused to display her beauty to the people and nobles at the king's feast. Before his death in 2012 he said, One today rereads with a renewed interest the book of Esther, whose detailed description of the interior disposition of the palace of Xerxes is now in excellent accord with archaeological reality.6, Persepolis was another of the Persian capital cities. Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825), Musee du Louvre. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/xpf/ (Accessed June 3, 2020). Xerxes (518 BCE-August 465 BCE) was a king of the Achaemenid dynasty during the Mediterranean late Bronze Age. Vastly outnumbered, the Greeks lost. Weird Things You Didn't Know About Queen Esther - Grunge In fact, as King of Persia he rescinded the ban on the Jews returning to the Holy Land and paved the way for the Jews to rebuild the Second Temple. 187. I had lordship over them. Some historians argue that his wife was chosen for him by his mother Atossa, who selected Amestris because she was the daughter of Otanes and had money and political connections. Archaeological findings and other historical records provide the cultural background that illuminates the biblical world in the Persian era. (2021, February 17). There were lush gardens fed by an extensive canal systemthe drains still work. Cambyses II is king from 530 B.C. Xerxes completed the Apadana and treasury, and built the gate of all nations, his palace, and the harem.7 Persepolis contained the immense wealth of the Persian empire. May 19, 2020. 6 Shushan The Citadel With Bible InHand,Bible Reading Archaeology. Darius selected Xerxes as his heir and successor because of Atossa's connection to Cyrus, and the fact that Xerxes was the first son born to Darius after he became king. Xerxes was born about 518519 BCE, the eldest son of Darius the Great (550 BCE486 BCE) and his second wife Atossa. Xerxes was slain in his bed at Persepolis in August 465 BCE. A naval battle at Artemision proved indecisive; the Persians technically won but took heavy losses. All we know about the life of Xerxes from the Greek Persian War on comes from two primary sources: 1) Heroddutus, the Greek historian, who wrote his histories between 431 and 425 B.C. But Esther definitely had sex with King Xerxes. BC in the ancient Persian city of Persepolis. Here were the TOP THREE REPORTS IN BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY in June 2023. Xerxes I ( Old Persian: Xayr also Khshayrsha; [3] Greek: Xrxs; c. 518 - August 465 BC) was a Persian ruler who served as the fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 486 BC until his assassination in 465 BC. RSS feed for comments on this post. They bore me tribute. Tutors drawn from the nobility taught the Persian virtues of wisdom, justice, prudence, and bravery, as well as thereligion of Zoroaster, instilling a reverence to the god Ahura Mazda. NEW BLOG SERIES: In this new series I'll be weighing the evidence for a variety of controversial artifacts in biblical archaeology. Did Esther meet a tragic end? - The Jewish Chronicle How long did this king reign and how long did Queen Esther live? 1. It had been 1000 years since God gave the original seven festivals to the Israelites. 189. The Book of Esther unfolds, however, with the two intertwining. I firmly believe this is a historical account of this part of Esther and Xerxes life, but I also believe it is a book of prophecy. Biography of Darius the Great, Leader of Persia's Achaemenid Empire, Biography of Artemisia I, Warrior Queen of Halicarnassus, Political Aspects of the Classical Age of Greece, Important Kings of the Ancient Middle East, The Battle of Gaugamela During the Wars of Alexander the Great, Biography of Olympias, Mother of Alexander the Great. Within the first or second year of Xerxes' rule, he had to quell an uprising in Egypt (he invaded Egypt in 484 BCE and left his brother Achaemenes governor before returning to Persia), at least two uprisings in Babylon, and perhaps one in Judah. Xerxes followed in his father's footsteps in what the Greek historians called a classic state of hubris: he was aggressively certain that the Zoroastrian gods of the mighty Persian empire were on his side and laughed at Greek preparations for battle. I believe it's time to take another look at the James Ossuary's authenticity. In order to be considered for publication, questions must be on-topic, polite, and address ideas rather than Ahasuerus - Wikipedia Excavations at Susa have revealed that the descriptions of specific places within the palace in the book of Esther the Audience Hall/Court of Gardens (Es 1:5), the Outer Courtyard (Es 6:4), the Inner Courtyard (Es 5:1a) and the Throne Room (Es 5:1b) were accurately described by someone who had an intimate knowledge of the palace.5 French archaeologist, Jean Perrot served as the dig director at Susa for over a decade. Ametris learned of the intrigue and, assuming it had been arranged by Masistes' wife, she mutilated her and sent her back to her husband. Answer The name Xerxes does not appear in the Hebrew text of Scripture. His other children, Artarius, Tithraustes, Arsames (Arsamenes,. The great feast that he threw in his third year may have been part of his planning with the nobles of the Kingdom for his invasion of Greece. Despite his fatal errors, Xerxes left the Achaemenid empire intact for his son Artaxerxes. During excavations at []. Here were the TOP THREE REPORTS IN BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY IN APRIL 2023. After his campaign to the west, Xerxes spend the remaining years of his reign completing the work his father began at the Persian capital of Persepolis. After the disaster at Salamis, Xerxes installed a governor in ThessalyMardonius, with an army of 300,000 menand returned to his capital at Sardis. He was the son of Darius the Great and Atossa, a daughter . This is described in the Harem Inscription, discovered in the palace of the Persian capital of Persepolis: Darius had other sons, but thus was Ahuramazdas desire my father Darius made me the greatest after himself. We will begin with the historical background of the book. Artaxerxes I would reign for 45 years after Xerxes' death (r. 465424 BCE). Herodotus estimated a military force of some 1.7 million, while modern scholars estimate a more reasonable 200,000, still a formidable army and navy. Please excuse the chart, but is the easiest way for you to see the connections. With that said, have you ever wondered about the other half of the story of Esther, Xerxes past. Queen Esther and King Xerxes - JewishAnswers.org Archaeology, however, has affirmed numerous details about the life of Xerxes and the stetting of the book of Esther. 4 William H. Shea, Esther and History, in Concordia Journal, July 1987, pg. The Greek historians generally agree that the murderer was a prefect named Artabanus, who aspired to assume Xerxes' kingship. After being in exile in the Babylonian lands for 70 years the Persian King, Cyrus, conquered Babylon. To sum it up quickly the people of Judah rebelled against God and God sent the Babylonians under Nebechanezar to defeat them and send them into exile. In the study of Esther by Beth Moore she says, Biblical narratives commonly begin with it happened but omit in the days of. Who was Esther in the Bible? | GotQuestions.org Bribing the eunuch chamberlain, Artabanus entered the chamber one night and stabbed Xerxes to death. Xerxes was designated heir apparent by his father in preference to his elder brother Artabazanes. In it, Esther (Asturya), the daughter of Mordecai, marries Xerxes (called Ahasuerus), in order to foil a plot by the wicked Haman who seeks to organize a pogrom against the Jews. Over the past month several important studies were published related to the world of the Bible. Daughter of Gobryas Daughter of another co-conspirator, Therefore, Darius ends up with six wives, but. Otanes receives in marriage a sister of Darius. Credit: dynamosquito / Flickr / CC BY-SA 2.0. Xerxes ascended the throne when is father, Darius, died in November 486 BC. Cyrus the Great had earlier tried to capture the prize, but instead lost the Battle of Marathon and suffered the sack of his capital of Sardis during the Ionian Revolt (499493 BCE). "Biography of Xerxes, King of Persia, Enemy of Greece." I am ruling firmly my own will. They stayed married, but Xerxes built an enormous harem, and while he was in Sardis after the Battle of Salamis, he fell in love with the wife of his full brother Masistes. Five Things About Esther That Nobody Talks About - Inherit at the age of 35 he is already married to Vashti and a father. The Achaemenid Tombs of Naqsh-e Rostam including that of Xerxes, Marvdascht, Fars, Iran, Asia. In Old Persian the kings name was Khsayarsan, in Akkadian it was Ahsiarsu, and in Hebrew Ahasuerus.1 A misinterpretation of the Hebrew led to the misidentification of Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes in the Septuagint, Josephus, and the Jewish Midrash.2 The sequence of Persian kings in Ezra 4:5-7, however, makes it clear that Ahasuerus was the son of Darius and the predecessor to Artaxerxes: thus, the Xerxes of history and the and Ahasuerus of the book of Esther are one and the same. to 522 B.C. It is located in the southwestern region of modern-day Iran and is one of the best-preserved royal cities from the ancient world. Who does harm, him according to the harm I punish.10 This is a virtual copy of an inscription from Darius tomb.11. ThoughtCo. After the party returned to Susa, Xerxes turned his attention to his niece. G. DAGLI ORTI / De Agostini Picture Library / Getty Images Plus. I would like to unfold his past for you today because I am confident that it will make this mans life with Esther so much more clear and we will refer back to it time and time again in our study. The Persians crossed the Hellespont using a pontoon bridge and met a small group of Spartans led by Leonidas on the plain at Thermopylae. William Shea notes, With good reason, then, it has been suggested that the 180-day banquet in Xerxes third year referred to in Esther 1:1-3 was connected with laying plans for that Greek campaign. Did Queen Esther have any children? - Answers I hope it is already making some bells ring for you, but if not dont worry we will talk about where all this fits in as we go. When it came time to name a successor, he chose Xerxes, because Atossa was a daughter of Cyrus. Palaces, the apadana (audience hall), a treasury and entrance gates all graced the city. King Xerxes had the following children by Queen Amestris: Amytis, Artaxerxes I, Darius, Hystaspes, Achaemenes and Rhodogune. Most of them are word-for-word adoptions of inscriptions his father, Darius I. 9 M. Nazanin, National Archaeological Museum of Tehran. Ahasuerus), was displeased with his wife and sought her replacement. K. Kris Hirst is an archaeologist with 30 years of field experience. When Alexander the Great conquered the city and destroyed it he took away all that was of value to him. After all King Xerxes (Ahasuerus) was besotten by. Due to this we will approach the book from both perspectives. Leonidas at the Battle of Thermopylae. However, many did not return to their homeland and stayed in the places where they had been carried off to. I was just wondering what happened to King Xerxes and Queen Esther. "Biography of Xerxes, King of Persia, Enemy of Greece." Artystone younger daughter of Cyrus the Great, 4. She was taken captive. We know he was about 97 when he died 3 years ago and he was probably from Ohio and may have had some ties to Lubavitch. I feel fairly confident in saying that most of us know the history and background of Esther and her people and how they came to be in Persia. Hirst, K. Kris. A humorous inscription commissioned by Xerxes survives near Lake Van. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/xerxes-king-of-persia-4771152. 1:1-3). At the naval battle of Salamis, though, the Greeks were victorious under the leadership of Themistocles (524459 BCE), but in the meantime, Xerxes sacked Athens and torched the Acropolis. However, Jewish tradition does point to a child born to the couple. It was none other than the Persian king, Xerxes the Great. He dies on his way back from a campaign in Egypt. In addition to the complete failure to win Greece, Xerxes is famous for building Persepolis. personalities. It was none other than the Persian king, Xerxes the Great. (LogOut/ Queen Esther standing in the court of Ahasuerus: the king holds out to Esther the golden scepter that was in his hand. The most important inscription from his reign is the Daiva Inscription, in which Xerxes describes the extent of his empire: King Xerxes says: By the grace of Ahuramazda these are the countries of which I was king apart from Persia. On the third day, Queen Esther put on her royal robes and presented herself to King Xerxes, even though her husband had not requested her presence in over a month. Many scholars have pointed out that chronology of the book of Esther fits nicely with Xerxes Greek campaign. son son, son son, son daughter. Well, we are told that Ahasuerus married her in the seventh year of his reign (Esther 2:16), and we know that Xerxes I reigned for 21 years. At the time Xerxes achieved the throne, the Persian empire was at its height, with a number of Persian satrapies (governmental provinces) established from India and central Asia to modern Uzbekistan, westward in North Africa to Ethiopia and Libya and the eastern shores of the Mediterranean. Answer: It is true that the book of Esther does not record her having had any children but we might assume that she did have children. https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/xpl/ (Accessed June 4, 2020). Hirst, K. Kris. Esther gained favor with Hegai, the man in charge of these women (verse 8). However, it does appear throughout the book of Esther in the NIV and NASB. The book of Esther, which may be a work of fiction, is set in Xerxes' rule and was written about 400 BCE. https://www.livius.org/articles/place/tuspa-van/inscription-xv/ (Accessed June 4, 2020). All we know about the life of Xerxes from the Greek Persian War on comes from two primary sources: 1) Heroddutus, the Greek historian, who wrote his histories between 431 and 425 B.C. Xerxes family tree | Esther's Legacy Biography of Xerxes, King of Persia, Enemy of Greece - ThoughtCo The Rabbis assert that King Darius II was born from the union, and he succeeded King Achashverosh as ruler of Persia. Masistes fled to Bactria to raise an insurrection, but Xerxes sent an army and they killed him. The presence of the army (MT) or the officers of the army (LXX) in Susa at that time (v. 3) lends some support to the suggestion. Artaxerxes headed straight to his brother's bedchamber and killed him. After killing Xerxes, Artabanus went to Xerxes' son Artaxerxes and told him that his brother Darius was the murderer. Xerxes and Vashti are first cousins through his father and second cousins through his mother (in other words, his mother, Atossa, and Vashti are also first cousins). How many children did Queen Esther and King Xerxes have? His rule came at the height of the Persian empire, and he is well-documented by the Greeks, who described him as a passionate, cruel, self-indulgentwomanizerbut much of that may well have been slander. Founded by Darius about 515 BCE, the city was the focus of new building projects for the length of the Persian empire, still expanding when Alexander the Great (356323 BCE) set upon it in 330 BCE. Darius was the fourth king of the Achaemenid empire, but not directly descended from the founder Cyrus II (~600530 BCE). 1 Ewin M. Yamauchi, Persia and the Bible (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1990), pg. We respond to every follow-up question submitted, but only publish selected ones. Today I want to start with the book of Esther. Xerxes I | Biography, Accomplishments, & Facts | Britannica Biography of Xerxes, King of Persia, Enemy of Greece. She was married to King Achashverosh, whom some identify as Artaxerxes (), 1 king of Persia. The book of Esther begins with the words, Now in the days of Ahasuerus, the Ahasuerus who reigned from India to Ethiopia over 127 provinces, in those days when King Ahasuerus sat on his royal throne in Susa, the citadel, in the third year of his reign he gave a feast for all his officials and servants (Est. All we know about him is that his first name is David and his last name is either Bezbovodko or Bezdborosko (these spellings were found on some old mail found in the house). Simply put, the Xerxes of Scripture accords well with the Xerxes of history, and the chronology of Scripture fits with what is known about his life. We'll start with the infamous James Ossuary. Hirst, K. Kris. Xerxes: An Archaeological Biography - Bible Archaeology Report Like I said we will be referring back to this family tree of Xerxes as we go along. What I built, and what my father built, all that by the grace of Ahuramazda we built.3. Online: https://www.andrews.edu/sem/inministry/uploads/2014coursesyllabi/esther_and_history-shea.pdf (Accessed June 2, 2020). Since then there have been new developments. Built by Darius I, it is the setting for the book of Esther. 8-19).4. 235. It is popular today to hear critics claim that the book of Esther is a fanciful court tale, likely written hundreds of years after the purported events, and devoid of historical accuracy. It was written either at the end of Xerxes reign or during the reign of his son Artaxerxes who ruled from 465 to 424 B.C. Personal Email to the author. When Darius died there were other claimantsDarius had at least three other wives, including another daughter of Cyrus, but apparently, the transition was not strongly contested. Capitals were established at Sardis, Babylon, Memphis, Ecbatana, Pasargadae, Bactra, and Arachoti, all administered by royal princes. Darius I constructed the fortifications, other central buildings, and began the Apadana and treasury. 11 Ewin M. Yamauchi, Persia and the Bible (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1990), pg. Esther | Book of Esther, Purim, & Facts | Britannica Estimates of his forces are ridiculously overblown. A group of beautiful young virgins from the city of Susa was selected (verse 3). The Rabbis assert that King Darius II was born from the union, and he succeeded King Achashverosh as ruler of Persia. In fact, as King of Persia he rescinded the ban on the Jews returning to the Holy Land and paved the way for the Jews to rebuild the Second Temple. Esther Before Ahasuerus(1547-48), Tintoretto, Royal Collection. A If Esther had a son named Darius, as Jewish tradition suggests, he would not have been the same Darius, called Darius the Mede, who helped the Persian King Cyrus conquer Babylon and free the Jews in 535BC to rebuild their Temple. She agrees to the marriage and is the most powerful woman in the kingdom. The book itself was written between 470 and 430 B.C. Persian relief of Xerxes and attendants on a door jamb, in the remains of the old city of Persepolis, Iran. The Persian King, Xerxes (a.k.a. 10 XPl, Livius.org. Together they had at least six children: Darius, Hystapes, Artaxerxes I, Ratahsah, Ameytis, and Rodogyne. The year of the incident between Esther and King Xerxes was about 483 BC. He then gives the peoples who were taken in captivity by the Babylonians an opportunity to go home, this included the Jews. Did Esther have sex with Xerxes before they were married? The remains of the palace, located in modern-day Iran, are visible from Google Earth. Xerxes tomb is believed to be the right-most of the four tombs at Naqsh-I Rustam. 8 Plutarch, Alexander, 37.3-4. Since it was done in secret a usurper who looked a great deal like his brother, Seven conspirators decide to take things into their own hands and reclaim the throne of the kingdom. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. 15 Facts About Queen Esther - Chabad.org And there are Jewish stories about Ahausuerus from as early as the 4th century BCE in the Bible, particularly the Book of Esther. The story of Esther begins with a king's banquet. The record of Hanukkah is not found in the Old Testament although we do see it referred to in the New Testament as a festival that Jesus attended, called the feast of Dedication in John 10:22. Those earliest surviving records include a play by Aeschylus (525456 BCE) called "The Persians" and Herodotus' "Histories." 2. Darius killed Gaumata in 522 B.C. The name Xerxes comes from the Greek. Her work has appeared in scholarly publications such as Archaeology Online and Science. Who was Ahasuerus? What had been built by my father, I protected, and other I added other buildings. Darius was 28. The Book of Esther was probably written in the 2nd century bce. She resisted him, so he arranged a marriage between Masistes' daughter Artayne and his own eldest son Darius. The investiture may have taken place at Zendan-e-Suleiman (Solomon's Prison) at Pasargadae, a sanctuary of the goddess Anahita near the hollow cone of an ancient volcano. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Change). 7 Ewin M. Yamauchi, Persia and the Bible (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1990), pg. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Online: https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alexander*/5.html (Accessed June 3, 2020). 3 XPf (Harem Inscription), Livius.org. (LogOut/ ThoughtCo, Feb. 17, 2021, thoughtco.com/xerxes-king-of-persia-4771152. Who was Ahasuerus? The two most powerful men of these seven were Darius, son of Hystraspes, and Otanes, son of Darius the Mede (you may recognize his name from the book of Daniel). When Xerxes becomes king in 486 B.C. The first readers of the book of Esther would have known the past of both Esther and her family and Xerxes and his family. September 20, 2018.https://biblereadingarcheology.com/2018/09/20/shushan-the-citedal/(Accessed May 2, 2019). and took the throne. Answer Esther 2 describes King Xerxes' (or Ahasuerus') search for a new queen of Persia. Traditionally scholars have identified the king as Darius I and the crown prince as Xerxes.9, Xerxes, like many of the ancient kings, described himself in glowing terms. She had lost both her father and her mother and was raised by her older cousin, Mordecai (Esther 2:7). No royal student learned to read or write, as literacy was relegated to specialists. At the Battle of Plataea in 479 BCE, however, Mardonius was defeated and killed, effectively ending the Persian invasion of Greece. Herodotus, incidentally, devotes a dozen lengthy paragraphs to Xerxes discussion with his nobles and generals describing the decision to carry out the campaign against Greece (7. August 23, 2019. https://biblearchaeologyreport.com/2019/08/23/footsteps-three-things-in-susa-esther-likely-saw/ (Accessed June 2, 2020). Whether it was consensual or not is harder to tell, because any king powerful enough to (legally) kidnap the town's virgin girl population is . My law, that held them: Media, Elam, Arachosia, Armenia, Drangiana, Parthia, Aria, Bactria, Sogdia, Chorasmia, Babylonia, Assyria, Sattagydia, Lydia, Egypt, Yaun, those who dwell on this side of the sea and those who dwell across the sea, men of Maka, Arabia, Gandara, India, Cappadocia, theDahae, the haoma-drinking Sacae, the Sacae wearing pointed caps, Thrace, men of kaufaciy, Libyans, Carians, and the Nubians.12. NOTE: Xerxes Invasion of Greece occurred during this interval of time, The Palace at Susa served as the winter residence of the Persian kings of the Achaemenid empire.
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