how does cultivated meat impact the environment?

As radical innovations, they may trigger profound social and economic changes. Thank you for visiting nature.com. March 9, 2021 Elliot Swartz, Ph.D. Front Psychol 11:1824, Heidemann MS, Taconeli CA, Reis GG, Parisi G, Molento CF (2020b) Critical perspective of animal production specialists on cell-based meat in Brazil: from bottleneck to best scenarios. Front Nutr 7:7, Article The move launches a new era of meat production aimed at eliminating harm to animals and drastically reducing the environmental impacts of grazing, growing feed for animals and animal waste. land, water), animal ethics (e.g. As for technical professions, complementing the idea of Food as Software (Tubb and Seba, 2020), we have demonstrated the potential for interdisciplinary collaboration amongst the fields of biology, veterinary, animal science, a variety of engineering backgrounds and food science to drive technological development in this area. Thus, in the case of a transition to alternative meats, general opportunities and challenges may arise, as for instance in the case of employment. Pound for pound, beef production generates greenhouse gases that contribute more than 13 times as much to global warming as do the gases emitted from producing chicken. The overconsumption and overproduction of meat has led to an unbalanced and harmful relationship between the food industry and the environment, for example soil depletion, intensive use of water and climate change (Tuomisto and Teixeira De Mattos, 2011; IPCC, 2020; Eisen and Brown, 2022), as well as between the food industry and animal ethics (Heidemann et al., 2020a). Table 7 shows the most important occupations mentioned by the experts in descending order of the frequency with which they were mentioned. Cells are acquired from an animal by harmless biopsy, then placed in a warm, sterile vessel with a solution called a growth medium, containing nutrients including salts, proteins and carbohydrates. A fourth point: Our study showed that Brazilian experts have more positive expectations compared to European experts. The data analysis showed that the impact of novel food production systems on jobs in conventional meat production is perceived differently at different stages of the value chain. Although such differences seem consistent in our study, further cross-national studies are needed. The detailed results are presented in Table 8. This research was funded by GAIA - Global Action in the Interest of Animals (Belgium) and the author H.S. On the other hand, the results can also be linked to the perspective that the disruption in the first stages of the chain will be more intense compared to conventional meat production due to the technological paradigm shift (Gerhardt et al., 2020; Reis et al., 2020a). While the transition from conventional to cultivated and plant-based meat appears to be a desirable near future from the perspectives of sustainability, public health, food safety and animal welfare, it remains open to several plausible pathways to become a reality (Stephens et al., 2018; van der Weele et al., 2019; Morris et al., 2021; Nobre, 2022). We additionally asked about carriers opportunities and the background knowledge that may be needed from professionals to act in each stage of the cultivated meat chain. Tubb and Seba, 2020; Helliwell and Burton, 2021; Newton, and Blaustein-Rejto, 2021; Treich, 2021) that have shown that the transition of the meat production system may put pressure on animal farmers and, depending on the level of engagement with the alternative meat production system (Morais-da-Silva et al., 2022), be associated with undesirable consequences such as loss of income, unemployment, loss of rural activities and bankruptcies in the first stage of the production chain. The evolution of the meat production system transition is thus likely to depend on public policies and regulations that support technological development, encourage the creation of businesses in the new production chain, and seriously address the consequences of the transition process itself, such as the possible replacement of animal farmers activities (Morach et al., 2021; Newton, and Blaustein-Rejto, 2021). These professions have traditionally been involved in the production of conventional meat and the category may offer resistance to alternative proteins, especially if they feel excluded in the transition to new production systems (Heidemann et al., 2020b). Additionally, we identified 165 scholars from publications in the field of cultivated and plant-based meat that were registered on the Web of Science (see e.g., Fernandes et al., 2021a for a bibliometric review) and contacted them by the email stated in their publications. Some potential drawbacks of this transition have been explored in the literature. World Economic Forum. In this sense, Brazilian and American respondents were more positive about the possibilities of creating new jobs in the third stage of the cultivated meat production chain compared to European respondents. Additional literature has also pointed out such social opportunities (Newton and Blaustein-Rejto, 2021; Mancini, and Antonioli, 2022). UFPR Federal University of Paran, Paran, Brazil, Rodrigo Luiz Morais-da-Silva,Germano Glufke Reis&Carla Forte Maiolino Molento, FURB Regional University of Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil, GAIA Global Action in the Interest of Animals, Brussels, Belgium, You can also search for this author in The data analysis also suggested that the impact of novel food production systems on jobs in conventional meat production may be different for each stage of the value chain. In this sense, Tubb and Seba (2020) claimed that one of the main drivers for the upheaval of food production is knowledge from synthetic biology, which is interested in the production of new ingredients and innovations in the production systems themselves; they also claimed that synthetic biology is undergoing a conceptual transformation, becoming an engineering discipline that brings together knowledge from genetic engineering, systems biology, metabolic engineering and computational biology. This form of transition may mitigate the impact on the number of jobs in the conventional chain, as the change may occur in a gradual, substitutive transition of the workforce from the conventional to the cell- and plant-based meat chain. In this question, 82.9% of the professions mentioned by the experts refer to activities or training in the technical knowledge area, such as natural sciences, exact sciences and engineering, and 17.1% of the answers referred to activities or training in management areas of social applied sciences and humanities. For these authors, the driving force behind this phase is the new possibilities of precision biology, which will seek improved quality, scalability, nutritional value, taste, texture and cost of new products. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. On the other hand, when considering the employment in the traditional meat value chain, only a small proportion of jobs are in upstream stages such as animal farming (7.9%) and crop production (23.2%), while most jobs in this chain are in downstream stages such as processing (19.3%) and distribution (57.5%) (Tubb and Seba, 2020). Geels FW (2020) Micro-foundations of the multi-level perspective on socio-technical transitions: Developing a multi-dimensional model of agency through crossovers between social constructivism, evolutionary economics and neo-institutional theory. CAS University of Groningen, Weis T (2015) Meatification and the madness of the doubling narrative. Chef Zach Tyndall prepares Good Meat's cultivated chicken at the Eat Just office in Alameda, Calif., Wednesday, June 14, 2023. As the transformation of meat production systems is in an initial transition process among animal farmers, there is still room for producers to participate and adapt their core activities to the new meat production systems. , May 25, 2023. Ind Biotechnol 17(2):5772, Tuomisto HL, Teixeira De Mattos MJ (2011) Environmental impacts of cultured meat production. Google Scholar, Helliwell R, Burton RJ (2021) The promised land? In addition, the transition is likely to have less potential to threaten downstream jobs in the conventional meat chain, which are the stages the employ the highest number of people. Animals 11:1903. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11071903, Article between producer and consumer countries (Mouat and Prince, 2018; Santo et al., 2020; Chriki and Hocquette, 2020). In the last 50 years, global food consumption has quadrupled and the world human population has consumed on average twice as much meat as the previous generation (Weis, 2015). The costs and environmental impacts of cultivated meat Scientists estimate that agriculture is the source of about 25% of climate change emissions, 80% of biodiversity loss and deforestation, and 90% of nutrient pollution worldwide. Furthermore, projections of increasing demand for meat and its inputs, as well as the negative impacts of the conventional meat chain in terms of resource use (e.g. Here's how the first bite of 'cell-cultivated' meat tastes. CNN What if there was a way to eat meat without farming and killing billions of animals per year, contributing to the climate crisis and risking high cholesterol levels? On the other hand, the established power relations and bureaucratic systems of the conventional meat system may delay the progress of the transition, as many regulators and decision-makers tend to follow the agricultural lobby (Moritz et al., 2022). https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa172, Bryant CJ, van der Weele C (2021) The farmers dilemma: meat, means, and morality. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications Available online: https://faunalytics.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/BRIC-Full-Report.pdf, Baker A (2021, November 2). Another point concerns the possibility that the production of cultivated, and plant-based meat may create opportunities for the transition of the labour system itself, where farmers relationships with actors downstream in the production chain can be more balanced and fairer compared to the reality of the conventional meat production chain (Kano et al., 2020; Bryant and Van der Weele, 2021; Newton and Blaustein-Rejto, 2021). These results may be explained by the investments of large Brazilian meat processing companies such as BRF and JBS in alternative meat production (Baker, 2021), implying that the process in this country may be driven by the large conventional companies. The experts surveyed indicated that management skills and knowledge will be most important (38.6%), followed by knowledge of food science (17.1%) and also knowledge of product safety, quality and certifications (11.4%) (Table 14). One of the major drivers for businesses focusing on cultivated (or lab-grown, or cultured) meat is its potential for cleaning up the climate impact of our current food system. Internet Explorer). In terms of the professions that are created or strengthened in the cultivated meat production chain, the results show a variety of background knowledge and expertise needed throughout the cultivated meat value chain. We also looked for experts from third sector organisations related to alternative protein, such as people from NGOs, and government and regulatory bodies working on alternative proteins. Join GFI Senior Scientist Elliot Swartz, Ph.D., as he reviews the results from a recent life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA) for cultivated meat informed by data inventories collected from active industry partners. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12473, Article The third stage consists of the downstream activities in the production chain, such as processing, distribution, and interaction with the consumer market. The literature highlights that agriculture is in its fourth revolution (Rose and Chilvers, 2018) or in a phase referred to as smart farming (Blok and Gremmen, 2018; Boursianis et al., 2022). Cultivated meat production is considered the most consequential disruption in food production since the first domestication of plants and animals 10,000 years ago (Herrero et al., 2011; van Hout, 2020). These results may be related to the fact that people working in the upstream stages are less qualified when formal education is considered. As global demand for meat goes up, more forested land is converted into ranches and crop fields. No significant difference was found when comparing Europe to the United States or Brazil. Ind Biotechnol 16(5):262270, Godfray HCJ et al. Cultivated meat is part of a broader movement called second domestication of animals, in which meat is produced using cell reproduction technology (Reis et al., 2020a; Tubb and Seba, 2020; Post et al., 2020). Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 18(4):11921208. Better for animals, the environment, and consumers Even if their commitment to alternative systems is not obvious, such professionals can transition and contribute to the development of the new industry with their knowledge of the conventional meat chain and its specificities, such as animal health, genetics, nutrition, meat inspection and meat quality; the veterinarians and animal scientists may also play a critical role in reducing resistance and supporting animal farmers in their transition process. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, the world population will surpass 9.1 billion by 2050, at which point agricultural systems will not be able to supply enough food. We also asked the experts for their opinion on the possibilities of cultivated meat production in its second phase, especially on the activities in growing factories. Therefore, there is a need for zooming-out analyses for the transition to alternative meat, including unintended and unforeseen consequences (Mattick et al., 2015). McKinsey associate partner Tom Brennan explains the basic concept behind cultivated meat, explores what we know about its health profile, and describes why this technology may democratize dining in surprising ways. These results may be explained by the idea that food is designed in the same way that software developers design apps, what Tubb and Sena (2020) have called food-as-software. The expected impact of cultivated and plant-based meats on jobs: the The questionnaire and methodology for this study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Paran (Comit de tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos da Universidade Federal do Paran)CEP/UFPR, under protocol number 38617320.0.0000.0102. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i1.11980, Mattick CS, Landis AE, Allenby BR (2015) A case for systemic environmental analysis of cultured meat. Google Scholar, Bessen J (2019) Automation and jobs: When technology boosts employment. In addition, we asked the experts in an open question which professions and fields of knowledge may be strengthened or created at the first stage of the production chain for cultivated meat. The expected impact of cultivated and plant-based meats on jobs: the views of experts from Brazil, the United States and Europe. For potatoes, the . The building of the world's largest bioreactors to produce cultivated meat has been announced, with the potential to supply tens of thousands of shops and restaurants. Meat Sci 120:167176, Hutz CS, Zanon C, Neto HB (2013) Adverse working conditions and mental illness in poultry slaughterhouses in southern Brazil. Thus, noting that the leading companies in the Brazilian conventional meat chain are looking at new technologies, experts may realise that these will have less of a negative impact on the traditional production chain. How 'lab-grown' meat could help the planet and our health | CNN In other words: such transition process includes the potential solution of the exploitation of non-human animals and at least partial improvement of the poor conditions of human labour in the conventional animal food production chain. Studies in other locations, especially in regions with different labour force circumstances, such as low-income countries with predominantly rural populations, may provide complementary conclusions. In terms of frequency, these occupations were the third most suggested by Brazilian experts. Cultivated meat also referred to as slaughter-free meat or cell-based meat, is just that animal meat produced from animals' cells, without having to raise and kill living, feeling beings. Time. J Peasant Stud 47(1):184207, CEPEA (2021) Retrospectiva de 2020. https://www.cepea.esalq.usp.br/br/releases/cepea-retrospectivas-de-2020.aspx, Chriki S, Hocquette JF (2020) The myth of cultured meat: a review. Second, in terms of jobs created at different stages of the chain, our study shows that experts expected an opportunity for new and better jobs at different stages of the alternative protein production chain. Environ Commun 14(7):919932, Bryant CJ (2020) Culture, meat, and cultured meat. In other words, even if the new production chains require more skilled labour and offer better working conditions (Godfray et al., 2019), inequalities between regions and countries need to be addressed through equalising public policies, balanced global value chains and more integrated business models (van der Weele et al., 2019; Reis et al., 2020a; Abrell, 2021). Google Scholar, Blok V, Gremmen B (2018) Agricultural technologies as living machines: Toward a biomimetic conceptualization of smart farming technologies. Is it safe and healthy to eat? Lab-grown meat: How it's made, environmental impact and more | BBC The production of cultivated and plant-based meat involves the introduction of new production processes, new types of input, new actors and technological developments throughout the chain. https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/170474/, Haleem A, Mannan B, Luthra S, Kumar S, Khurana S (2019) Technology forecasting (TF) and technology assessment (TA) methodologies: a conceptual review. In this case, 77.9% of the experts disagreed or strongly disagreed with the possibility of the migration from jobs linked to animal production to other areas. Future foods: global trends, opportunities and sustainability challenges. Technol Forecast Social Change 152:119894, Gerhardt C, Suhlmann G, Ziemen F, Donnan D, Warschun M, Khnle HJ (2020) How will cultured meat and meat alternatives disrupt the agricultural and food industry? Table 4 Responses to questions regarding the impact on cultivated meat and plant-based meat on the number of jobs in the conventional meat industry in Brazil (N = 35), Europe (N = 56) and the . The results suggest that it is important to pay attention to the skills of animal farmworkers so that they are not left out of the process. Instead, the downstream stages of the chain have fewer challenges in terms of technological development, despite incremental innovations and the need to adapt to new products (Morach et al., 2021). Nat Commun 11(1):6276, Santo RE, Kim BF, Goldman SE, Dutkiewicz J, Biehl EMB, Bloem MW, Neff RA, Nachman KE (2020) Considering plant-based meat substitutes and cell-based meats: a public health and food systems perspective. The first is the recent news that major Brazilian meat processors such as BRF and JBS are planning to produce cultivated meat in Brazil, which may help create jobs in this intermediate stage of the production chain. PubMed Central The upstream stages of the cultivated meat chain, particularly animal producers and farmers who grow crops, remain a key issue in a substitutive transition process for cultivated meat production (Stephens et al., 2018; Broad, 2020; Mancini and Antonioli, 2022). One of the main advantages of cultivated meat compared to conventional meat is its comparatively low theoretical environmental impact. Animals 10(9):1678, Article The funders had no role in the design of the study, in the collection and interpretation of data, or in the writing and revision of the manuscript. The cow that could feed the planet. FAO (2022) Crops and livestock products. Ethics Policy Environ 21(2):246263, Bogner A, Menz W (2009) The theory-generating expert interview: epistemological interest, forms of knowledge, interaction. Innovation in Food Production: Cultivated Meat Get in touch with us now. Organization 23(3):351369, Article Another scenario may be characterised by an accelerated transition to meat produced from alternative protein sources, bringing up unintended consequences (Herrero et al., 2011) such as social degradation in meat-producing countries through job losses (Reis et al., 2020a) and a widening economic disparity between countries, e.g. The Good Food Institute, Carolan M (2020) Automated agrifood futures: robotics, labor and the distributive politics of digital agriculture. Lab-grown meat: the science of turning cells into steaks and nuggets Our findings therefore suggest that the issue of farmers needs to be analysed as an integral part of the transition itself and therefore addressed through public policies and incentives to upskill the labour force in these different contexts. Concerning the impact of cultivated and plant-based meat on the number of jobs in the conventional meat industry, the experts showed a high tendency of agreement with the claim that the production of alternative meats will have a negative impact on the number of jobs in the conventional meat production chain (Table 4). Can Food Stud 2(2):296303, MathSciNet ADS 18: 100187, Cameron BC, ONeill S (2019). Cultured meat requires much less land, uses less water, and. In this scenario, in which there is a need to move towards more sustainable food production that goes beyond animal agriculture and is not supported by animal slaughter (Herrero et al., 2011; Morris et al., 2021), alternative meats are emerging as promising solutions.
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